#!/usr/bin/env python2.5
"""
This module contains an C{AuthDigestMiddleware} for authenticating HTTP
requests using the method described in RFC2617. The credentials are to be
provided using an C{AuthTokenGenerator} or a compatible instance. Furthermore
digest authentication has to preserve some state across requests, more
specifically nonces. There are three different C{NonceStoreBase}
implementations for different needs. While the C{StatelessNonceStore} has
minimal requirements it only prevents replay attacks in a limited way. If the
WSGI server uses threading or a single process the C{MemoryNonceStore} can be
used. If that is not possible the nonces can be stored in a DBAPI2 compatible
database using C{DBAPI2NonceStore}.
"""

__all__ = []

import random
try:
    from hashlib import md5
except ImportError:
    from md5 import md5
import binascii
import base64
import time

sysrand = random.SystemRandom()

def gen_rand_str(bytes=33):
    """
    Generates a string of random base64 characters.
    @param bytes: is the number of random 8bit values to be used

    >>> gen_rand_str() != gen_rand_str()
    True
    """
    randnum = sysrand.getrandbits(bytes*8)
    randstr = ("%%0%dX" % (2*bytes)) % randnum
    randstr = binascii.unhexlify(randstr)
    randstr = base64.encodestring(randstr).strip()
    return randstr

def parse_digest_response(data, ret=None):
    """internal
    @raises ValueError:

    >>> parse_digest_response('foo=bar')
    {'foo': 'bar'}
    >>> parse_digest_response('foo="bar"')
    {'foo': 'bar'}
    >>> sorted(parse_digest_response('foo="bar=qux",spam=egg').items())
    [('foo', 'bar=qux'), ('spam', 'egg')]
    >>> try:
    ...     parse_digest_response('spam')
    ... except ValueError:
    ...     print("ValueError")
    ValueError
    >>> try:
    ...     parse_digest_response('spam="egg"error')
    ... except ValueError:
    ...     print("ValueError")
    ValueError
    """
    if ret is None:
        ret = {}
    data = data.strip()
    key, rest = data.split('=', 1) # raises ValueError
    if rest.startswith('"'):
        rest = rest[1:]
        value, rest = rest.split('"', 1) # raises ValueError
        if not rest:
            ret[key] = value
            return ret
        if rest[0] != ',':
            raise ValueError("invalid digest response")
        rest = rest[1:]
    else:
        if ',' not in rest:
            ret[key] = rest
            return ret
        value, rest = rest.split(',' , 1)
    ret[key] = value
    return parse_digest_response(rest, ret)

class AuthenticationRequired(Exception):
    """
    Internal Exception class that is thrown inside L{AuthDigestMiddleware}, but
    not visible to other code.
    """

__all__.append("AuthTokenGenerator")
class AuthTokenGenerator:
    """Generates authentification tokens for L{AuthDigestMiddleware}. The
    interface consists of beeing callable with a username and having a
    realm attribute being a string."""
    def __init__(self, realm, getpass):
        """
        @type realm: str
        @param realm: is a string according to RFC2617.
        @type getpass: str -> (str or None)
        @param getpass: this function is called with a username and password is
                expected as result. C{None} may be used as an invalid password.
                An example for getpass would be C{{username: password}.get}.
        """
        self.realm = realm
        self.getpass = getpass
    def __call__(self, username, algo="md5"):
        """Generates an authentification token from a username.
        @type username: str
        @rtype: str or None
        """
        assert algo.lower() in ["md5", "md5-sess"]
        password = self.getpass(username)
        if password is None:
            return None
        a1 = "%s:%s:%s" % (username, self.realm, password)
        return md5(a1).hexdigest()

__all__.append("NonceStoreBase")
class NonceStoreBase:
    """Nonce storage interface."""
    def __init__(self):
        pass
    def newnonce(self, ident=None):
        """
        This method is to be overriden and should return new nonces.
        @type ident: str
        @param ident: is an identifier to be associated with this nonce
        @rtype: str
        """
        raise NotImplementedError
    def checknonce(self, nonce, count=1, ident=None):
        """
        This method is to be overridden and should do a check for whether the
        given nonce is valid as being used count times.
        @type nonce: str
        @type count: int
        @param count: indicates how often the nonce has been used (including
                this check)
        @type ident: str
        @param ident: it is also checked that the nonce was associated to this
            identifier when given
        @rtype: bool
        """
        raise NotImplementedError

def format_time(seconds):
    """
    internal method formatting a unix time to a fixed-length string
    @type seconds: float
    @rtype: str
    """
    # the overflow will happen about 2112
    return "%013X" % int(seconds * 1000000)

__all__.append("StatelessNonceStore")
class StatelessNonceStore(NonceStoreBase):
    """
    This is a stateless nonce storage that cannot check the usage count for
    a nonce and thus cannot protect against replay attacks. It however can make
    it difficult by posing a timeout on nonces and making it difficult to forge
    nonces.
    
    This nonce store is usable with L{scgi.forkpool}.

    >>> s = StatelessNonceStore()
    >>> n = s.newnonce()
    >>> s.checknonce("spam")
    False
    >>> s.checknonce(n)
    True
    >>> s.checknonce(n)
    True
    >>> s.checknonce(n.rsplit(':', 1)[0] + "bad hash")
    False
    """
    def __init__(self, maxage=300, secret=None):
        """
        @type maxage: int
        @param maxage: is the number of seconds a nonce may be valid. Choosing a
                large value may result in more memory usage whereas a smaller
                value results in more requests. Defaults to 5 minutes.
        @type secret: str
        @param secret: if not given, a secret is generated and is therefore
                shared after forks. Knowing this secret permits creating nonces.
        """
        NonceStoreBase.__init__(self)
        self.maxage = maxage
        if secret:
            self.server_secret = secret
        else:
            self.server_secret = gen_rand_str()

    def newnonce(self, ident=None):
        """
        Generates a new nonce string.
        @type ident: None or str
        @rtype: str
        """
        nonce_time = format_time(time.time())
        nonce_value = gen_rand_str()
        token = "%s:%s:%s" % (nonce_time, nonce_value, self.server_secret)
        if ident is not None:
            token = "%s:%s" % (token, ident)
        token = md5(token).hexdigest()
        return "%s:%s:%s" % (nonce_time, nonce_value, token)

    def checknonce(self, nonce, count=1, ident=None):
        """
        Do a check for whether the provided string is a nonce and increase usage
        count on returning True.
        @type nonce: str
        @type count: int
        @type ident: None or str
        @rtype: bool
        """
        if count != 1:
            return False
        try:
            nonce_time, nonce_value, nonce_hash = nonce.split(':')
        except ValueError:
            return False
        token = "%s:%s:%s" % (nonce_time, nonce_value, self.server_secret)
        if ident is not None:
            token = "%s:%s" % (token, ident)
        token = md5(token).hexdigest()
        if token != nonce_hash:
            return False

        if nonce_time < format_time(time.time() - self.maxage):
            return False
        return True

__all__.append("MemoryNonceStore")
class MemoryNonceStore(NonceStoreBase):
    """
    Simple in-memory mechanism to store nonces.

    >>> s = MemoryNonceStore(maxuses=1)
    >>> n = s.newnonce()
    >>> s.checknonce("spam")
    False
    >>> s.checknonce(n)
    True
    >>> s.checknonce(n)
    False
    """
    def __init__(self, maxage=300, maxuses=5):
        """
        @type maxage: int
        @param maxage: is the number of seconds a nonce may be valid. Choosing a
               large value may result in more memory usage whereas a smaller
               value results in more requests. Defaults to 5 minutes.
        @type maxuses: int
        @param maxuses: is the number of times a nonce may be used (with
                different nc values). A value of 1 makes nonces usable exactly
                once resulting in more requests. Defaults to 5.
        """
        NonceStoreBase.__init__(self)
        self.maxage = maxage
        self.maxuses = maxuses
        self.nonces = [] # [(creation_time, nonce_value, useage_count)]
                         # as [(float, str, int)]
        self.server_secret = gen_rand_str()

    def _cleanup(self):
        """internal methods cleaning list of valid nonces"""
        old = format_time(time.time() - self.maxage)
        while self.nonces and self.nonces[0][0] < old:
            self.nonces.pop(0)

    def newnonce(self, ident=None):
        """
        Generates a new nonce string.
        @type ident: None or str
        @rtype: str
        """
        self._cleanup() # avoid growing self.nonces
        nonce_time = format_time(time.time())
        nonce_value = gen_rand_str()
        self.nonces.append((nonce_time, nonce_value, 1))
        token = "%s:%s:%s" % (nonce_time, nonce_value, self.server_secret)
        if ident is not None:
            token = "%s:%s" % (token, ident)
        token = md5(token).hexdigest()
        return "%s:%s:%s" % (nonce_time, nonce_value, token)

    def checknonce(self, nonce, count=1, ident=None):
        """
        Do a check for whether the provided string is a nonce and increase usage
        count on returning True.
        @type nonce: str
        @type count: int
        @type ident: None or str
        @rtype: bool
        """
        try:
            nonce_time, nonce_value, nonce_hash = nonce.split(':')
        except ValueError:
            return False
        token = "%s:%s:%s" % (nonce_time, nonce_value, self.server_secret)
        if ident is not None:
            token = "%s:%s" % (token, ident)
        token = md5(token).hexdigest()
        if token != nonce_hash:
            return False

        self._cleanup() # avoid stale nonces

        # searching nonce_time
        lower, upper = 0, len(self.nonces) - 1
        while lower < upper:
            mid = (lower + upper) // 2
            if nonce_time <= self.nonces[mid][0]:
                upper = mid
            else:
                lower = mid + 1

        if len(self.nonces) <= lower:
            return False
        (nt, nv, uses) = self.nonces[lower]
        if nt != nonce_time or nv != nonce_value:
            return False
        if count != uses:
            del self.nonces[lower]
            return False
        if uses >= self.maxuses:
            del self.nonces[lower]
        else:
            self.nonces[lower] = (nt, nv, uses+1)
        return True

__all__.append("LazyDBAPI2Opener")
class LazyDBAPI2Opener:
    """
    Connects to database on first request. Otherwise it behaves like a dbapi2
    connection. This may be usefull in combination with scgi.forkpool, because
    this way each worker child opens a new database connection when the first
    request is to be answered.
    """
    def __init__(self, function, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        The database will be connected on the first method call. This is done
        by calling the given function with the remaining parameters.
        @param function: is the function that connects to the database
        """
        self._function = function
        self._args = args
        self._kwargs = kwargs
        self._dbhandle = None
    def _getdbhandle(self):
        """Returns an open database connection. Open if necessary."""
        if self._dbhandle is None:
            self._dbhandle = self._function(*self._args, **self._kwargs)
            self._function = self._args = self._kwargs = None
        return self._dbhandle
    def cursor(self):
        """dbapi2"""
        return self._getdbhandle().cursor()
    def commit(self):
        """dbapi2"""
        return self._getdbhandle().commit()
    def rollback(self):
        """dbapi2"""
        return self._getdbhandle().rollback()
    def close(self):
        """dbapi2"""
        return self._getdbhandle().close()

__all__.append("DBAPI2NonceStore")
class DBAPI2NonceStore(NonceStoreBase):
    """
    A dbapi2-backed nonce store implementation suitable for usage with forking
    wsgi servers such as scgi.forkpool.
    >>> import sqlite3
    >>> db = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
    >>> db.cursor().execute("CREATE TABLE nonces (key, value);") and None
    >>> db.commit() and None
    >>> s = DBAPI2NonceStore(db, maxuses=1)
    >>> n = s.newnonce()
    >>> s.checknonce("spam")
    False
    >>> s.checknonce(n)
    True
    >>> s.checknonce(n)
    False
    """
    def __init__(self, dbhandle, maxage=300, maxuses=5, table="nonces"):
        """
        @param dbhandle: is a dbapi2 connection
        @type maxage: int
        @param maxage: is the number of seconds a nonce may be valid. Choosing a
               large value may result in more memory usage whereas a smaller
               value results in more requests. Defaults to 5 minutes.
        @type maxuses: int
        @param maxuses: is the number of times a nonce may be used (with
                different nc values). A value of 1 makes nonces usable exactly
                once resulting in more requests. Defaults to 5.
        """
        NonceStoreBase.__init__(self)
        self.dbhandle = dbhandle
        self.maxage = maxage
        self.maxuses = maxuses
        self.table = table
        self.server_secret = gen_rand_str()

    def _cleanup(self, cur):
        """internal methods cleaning list of valid nonces"""
        old = format_time(time.time() - self.maxage)
        cur.execute("DELETE FROM %s WHERE key < '%s:';" % (self.table, old))

    def newnonce(self, ident=None):
        """
        Generates a new nonce string.
        @rtype: str
        """
        nonce_time = format_time(time.time())
        nonce_value = gen_rand_str()
        dbkey = "%s:%s" % (nonce_time, nonce_value)
        cur = self.dbhandle.cursor()
        self._cleanup(cur) # avoid growing database
        cur.execute("INSERT INTO %s VALUES ('%s', '1');" % (self.table, dbkey))
        self.dbhandle.commit()
        token = "%s:%s" % (dbkey, self.server_secret)
        if ident is not None:
            token = "%s:%s" % (token, ident)
        token = md5(token).hexdigest()
        return "%s:%s:%s" % (nonce_time, nonce_value, token)

    def checknonce(self, nonce, count=1, ident=None):
        """
        Do a check for whether the provided string is a nonce and increase usage
        count on returning True.
        @type nonce: str
        @type count: int
        @rtype: bool
        """
        try:
            nonce_time, nonce_value, nonce_hash = nonce.split(':')
        except ValueError:
            return False
        if not nonce_time.isalnum() or not nonce_value.replace("+", ""). \
           replace("/", "").replace("=", "").isalnum():
            return False
        token = "%s:%s:%s" % (nonce_time, nonce_value, self.server_secret)
        if ident is not None:
            token = "%s:%s" % (token, ident)
        token = md5(token).hexdigest()
        if token != nonce_hash:
            return False

        if nonce_time < format_time(time.time() - self.maxage):
            return False

        cur = self.dbhandle.cursor()
        #self._cleanup(cur) # avoid growing database

        dbkey = "%s:%s" % (nonce_time, nonce_value)
        cur.execute("SELECT value FROM %s WHERE key = '%s';" %
                    (self.table, dbkey))
        uses = cur.fetchone()
        if uses is None:
            self.dbhandle.commit()
            return False
        uses = int(uses[0])
        if count != uses:
            cur.execute("DELETE FROM %s WHERE key = '%s';" %
                        (self.table, dbkey))
            self.dbhandle.commit()
            return False
        if uses >= self.maxuses:
            cur.execute("DELETE FROM %s WHERE key = '%s';" %
                        (self.table, dbkey))
        else:
            cur.execute("UPDATE %s SET value = '%d' WHERE key = '%s';" %
                        (self.table, uses + 1, dbkey))
        self.dbhandle.commit()
        return True

__all__.append("AuthDigestMiddleware")
class AuthDigestMiddleware:
    """Middleware partly implementing RFC2617. (md5-sess was omited)
    Upon successful authentication the environ dict will be extended
    by a REMOTE_USER key before being passed to the wrapped
    application."""
    algorithms = {"md5": lambda data: md5(data).hexdigest()}
    def __init__(self, app, gentoken, maxage=300, maxuses=5, store=None):
        """
        @param app: is the wsgi application to be served with authentification.
        @type gentoken: str -> (str or None)
        @param gentoken: has to have the same functionality and interface as the
                L{AuthTokenGenerator} class.
        @type maxage: int
        @param maxage: deprecated, see L{MemoryNonceStore} or
                L{StatelessNonceStore}
        @type maxuses: int
        @param maxuses: deprecated, see L{MemoryNonceStore}
        @type store: L{NonceStoreBase}
        @param store: a nonce storage implementation object. Usage of this
                parameter will override maxage and maxuses.
        """
        self.app = app
        self.gentoken = gentoken
        if store is None:
            self.noncestore = MemoryNonceStore(maxage, maxuses)
        else:
            assert hasattr(store, "newnonce")
            assert hasattr(store, "checknonce")
            self.noncestore = store

    def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
        """wsgi interface"""

        try:
            auth = environ["HTTP_AUTHORIZATION"] # raises KeyError
            method, rest = auth.split(' ', 1) # raises ValueError

            if method.lower() != "digest":
                raise AuthenticationRequired
            credentials = parse_digest_response(rest) # raises ValueError

            ### Check algorithm field
            credentials["algorithm"] = credentials.get("algorithm",
                                                       "md5").lower()
            if not credentials["algorithm"] in self.algorithms:
                raise AuthenticationRequired

            ### Check uri field
            # Doing this by stripping known parts from the passed uri field
            # until something trivial remains, as the uri cannot be
            # reconstructed from the environment exactly.
            uri = credentials["uri"] # raises KeyError
            if "QUERY_STRING" in environ and environ["QUERY_STRING"]:
                if not uri.endswith(environ["QUERY_STRING"]):
                    raise AuthenticationRequired
                uri = uri[:-len(environ["QUERY_STRING"])]
            if "SCRIPT_NAME" in environ:
                if not uri.startswith(environ["SCRIPT_NAME"]):
                    raise AuthenticationRequired
                uri = uri[len(environ["SCRIPT_NAME"]):]
            if "PATH_INFO" in environ:
                if not uri.startswith(environ["PATH_INFO"]):
                    raise AuthenticationRequired
                uri = uri[len(environ["PATH_INFO"]):]
            if uri not in ('', '?'):
                raise AuthenticationRequired
            del uri

            if ("username" not in credentials or
                    "nonce" not in credentials or
                    "response" not in credentials or
                    "qop" in credentials and (
                        credentials["qop"] != "auth" or 
                        "nc" not in credentials or
                        credentials["nc"].lower().strip("0123456789abcdef") or
                        "cnonce" not in credentials)):
                raise AuthenticationRequired

            noncecount = 1
            if credentials.get("qop") is not None:
                # raises ValueError
                noncecount = int(credentials["nc"], 16)

            if not self.noncestore.checknonce(credentials["nonce"], noncecount):
                return self.authorization_required(environ, start_response,
                                                   stale=True) # stale nonce!

            # raises KeyError, ValueError
            response = self.auth_response(credentials,
                                          environ["REQUEST_METHOD"])

            if response != credentials["response"]:
                raise AuthenticationRequired

        except (KeyError, ValueError, AuthenticationRequired):
            return self.authorization_required(environ, start_response)
        else:
            environ["REMOTE_USER"] = credentials["username"]
            def modified_start_response(status, headers, exc_info=None):
                digest = dict(nextnonce=self.noncestore.newnonce())
                if "qop" in credentials:
                    digest["qop"] = "auth"
                    digest["cnonce"] = credentials["cnonce"] # no KeyError
                    digest["rspauth"] = self.auth_response(credentials, "")
                challenge = ", ".join(map('%s="%s"'.__mod__, digest.items()))
                headers.append(("Authentication-Info", challenge))
                return start_response(status, headers, exc_info)
            return self.app(environ, modified_start_response)

    def auth_response(self, credentials, reqmethod):
        """internal method generating authentication tokens
        @raises KeyError:
        @raises ValueError:
        """
        username = credentials["username"]
        algo = credentials["algorithm"]
        uri = credentials["uri"]
        nonce = credentials["nonce"]
        a1h = self.gentoken(username, algo)
        if a1h is None:
            raise ValueError
        a2h = self.algorithms[algo]("%s:%s" % (reqmethod, uri))
        qop = credentials.get("qop", None)
        if qop is None:
            dig = ":".join((a1h, nonce, a2h))
        else:
            if qop != "auth":
                raise ValueError
            # raises KeyError
            dig =  ":".join((a1h, nonce, credentials["nc"],
                             credentials["cnonce"], qop, a2h))
        return self.algorithms[algo](dig)

    def authorization_required(self, environ, start_response, stale=False):
        """internal method implementing wsgi interface, serving 401 page"""
        digest = dict(nonce=self.noncestore.newnonce(),
                      realm=self.gentoken.realm,
                      algorithm="md5",
                      qop="auth")
        if stale:
            digest["stale"] = "TRUE"
        challenge = ", ".join(map('%s="%s"'.__mod__, digest.items()))
        status = "401 Not authorized"
        headers = [("Content-type", "text/html"),
                   ("WWW-Authenticate", "Digest %s" % challenge)]
        data = "<html><head><title>401 Not authorized</title></head><body><h1>"
        data += "401 Not authorized</h1></body></html>"
        headers.append(("Content-length", str(len(data))))
        start_response(status, headers)
        if environ["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "HEAD":
            return []
        return [data]